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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2020ISSN 2250-3153376Determining The Types Of Diatoms Padang RiverAnd Bahilang River In Tebing Tinggi CityEdwin Parlindungan Lubis, Asan Petrus, Abdul Gafar ParinduriDepartment of Forensic and Medicolegal of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sumatera UtaraDOI: 0.29322/IJSRP.10.01.2020.p9759Abstract- Background : Drowning is a process that causesrespiratory disturbances due to the entry of fluid into the airwaysor lungs. Until now, diatom examination is the gold standardexamination to diagnose deaths because of drowning. Thediscovery of diatoms in tissue examination is one of the markersthat shows the victim died from drowning.Aim: To find out whether the person died from drowningor not, whether the person is still alive when drowning and to knowthe location of the drowned body before death so that it helpsinvestigators determine where was the victim drowned for the firsttime by comparing the diatoms in the victim's body with thediatoms the water where the body was found or suspected to be adrowning death place.Method : This research was conducted descriptively. Theresearch sample was taken from rivers in Tebing Tinggi City,namely Sungai Padang and Sungai Bahilang .Results : 15 diatom species were found in the SungaiPadang and 11 diatom species were found in the Sungai Bahilang.From the results of research in the Sungai Padang and SungaiBahilang, there are similarities and differences in the types ofdiatoms in each riverin water with sufficient lighting. With a size of 40-200 micronsbut maybe also with a size 4-5 micron / 1 micron, with the shapethat is owned varies. 9,10,11,12In a corpse submerged in water and suspected of havingdied due to drowning, it is necessary to determine whether thevictim is still alive when drowning which is marked by intravitalsigns, whether there are other signs of violence, and the cause ofdeath.1 In uncovering criminal cases, crime scenes (TKP) is animportant source of information in revealing events that havehappened to victims. This is due to the fact that there is a lot ofevidence (corpus delict) found at the crime scene which expertscan speak to reveal about the events that occurred. However, theproblem now, is difficult to determine where the crime scene itself,especially in the case of drowning because the victim was foundfar from the place where the victim drowned.Some previous researchers have discussed theidentification of diatoms, but there have been no studies orresearch on the types of diatoms that exist in the Padang River andBahilang River in Tebing Tinggi City.II. LITERATURE REVIEWIndex Terms- Drowning, DiatomsI. PRELIMINARYSinking is a process that causes interference with the entry offluid into the respiratory tract or lungs. Drowning is notlimited to water, such as rivers, lakes or swimming pools, but mayalso be in a puddle or ditch with only a face below the surface ofthe air. 1,2In 2016 WHO recorded drowning cases recorded as manyas 320,000 people lost their lives due to drowning, more than 90%of deaths due to drowning occurred in low and middle-incomecountries. Drowning is the third leading cause of death in theworld where the case most often affects children aged 5-14 years.In connection with the use of diatoms in the diagnosis ofdrowning, Revenstorf in 1904 was the first person to try to usediatoms as a test for drowning, although he stated that Hofmannwas the first person to find it in pulmonary fluid in 1896. The basicview put forward was if someone drowned in water containingdiatoms, the diatoms will penetrate the alveolar wall and bring itto the main organs such as the brain, kidneys, liver, and bones.8Diatoms are microscopic creatures that live in almost everyaquatic habitat. There is an enormous variety of living things.Diatoms are a class of plants, which is a single-celled alga 9759DiatomDiatoms are a type of alga that are only seenmicroscopically and contain silicon particles. The shape can beround oval, triangle or rectangular.14Diatoms have a structure that contains SiO2 silicic acid.Silicate itself has resistance to decay. The peach alga enters thebody through blood circulation so that the location of the algashows whether the victim was drowned ante-mortal or postmortal. Diatoms can also be searched for in the heart which hasbeen diluted with water for hemolysis and then centrifuged and thesediment examined. When the victim is so rotten that the victimhas sunk, both the skin and organs have been destroyed, the diatomexamination is taken from the long bone marrow and then the sameprocess is carried out.10Diatom IdentificationDiatoms are single-cell plants belonging to theBacillariophyceae class of the Bacillariophyta phylum. Diatomscan consist of one single cell or a combination of several cellsforming a chain. They usually float freely in bodies of water andalso most of them attach to harder substrates. Diatom sticking isusually because this plant has a kind of gelatin (Gelatinousextrusion) which provides adhesion to objects or substrates. Wealso sometimes find some diatoms that are very slow but have thepower to move.14,15,16www.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2020ISSN 2250-3153It is called a diatom because the cell consists of two valves(two atoms), where one covers the other like a can of pastilles.Diatoms are generally unicellular (solitary), but in some speciessame live in colonies and co-operate with one another. From itsshape, diatoms are divided into two orders based on their shape,namely circular diatom cells (Centrales diatoms) and elongateddiatom cells (Pennales diatoms). The Central Order when viewedfrom above or below is symmetrical and circular in a radial shape.The cells can be round, oval, cylindrical, with a round, triangularor rectangular cross-section, while the Pennales Order islongitudinal or sigmoid shaped like the letter "S". Along with themedian diatom cell fatigue there is a middle lane called rafe(raphe) .17,18Diatom classification according to their lifestyle is alsodivided into 8 groups, namely: Epiphytic, Episamic, Epipelic,Endopelic, Epilithic, Endolithic, Epizoic, Fouling. 14,16,18Diatom Growth FactorDiatom distribution varies which is determined byenvironmental factors that influence. The distribution that affectsdiatoms horizontally include the following: temperature, waterflow and turbidity factors.19DrowningDefinisiDrowning is usually defined as death from asphyxiacaused by the entry of fluid into the respiratory tract. In one casethe victim sank in the water so that his respiratory system wasdisrupted by the result of loss of consciousness and threat to thevictim's soul.1In general, drowning is a case of an accident, either directlyor because there are certain factors such as the victim being drunkor under the influence of drugs, it could even be due to the resultof a murder event. Every year, around 150,000 deaths are reportedworldwide due to drowning, with annual occurrences perhapscloser to 500,000. Some of the most populous countries in theworld fail to report near drowning incidents. This suggests thatmany cases have never been brought to medical attention, eventsaround the world make an accurate approach almostimpossible.16,17Drowning diagnosisUntil now, diatom examination is a gold standardexamination to diagnose deaths from drowning. However, thisexamination is still controversial because diatoms cannot alwaysbe found on the examination of the lung. This can occur in atypicaldrowning cases such as dry drowning, disruptive climatic factors,procedures and use of chemicals that are destructive and diatomdestruction and can also be caused by pollution of sea water orfresh water. 23.24A comparison between diatoms found in the victim's bodyand those in the waters where the victim was found is useful tostrengthen the diagnosis and location of the victim's death. Thediscovery of diatoms in tissue examination is one of the markersthat the victim died from drowning.1Diatom's Relationship with DrowningDiatom checks on suspected victims of drowning areroutine procedures that must be performed. Diatoms are used 9377diagnostic tools to investigate drowning cases. Because of this, thediatom examination aims: ascertain whether a person died due todrowning or not, find out whether the person is still alive whendrowning and know the location of the sinking body before dying.29III. RESEARCH METHODSResearch Types and DesignThe type of research conducted descriptively is todetermine the type of diatoms in rivers in the city of Tebing TinggiLocation and Time of ResearchThe study was conducted in the Padang river and theBahilang river in the city of Tebing Tinggi,When the study was conducted from August to November2019. Sampling was carried out at 09.00-11.00 WIB, becausesunlight penetration for the process of photosynthesis of diatomswas considered optimal at that hour.Sample and How it Works ResearchThe material used in this study is river water taken at 2rivers in Tebing Tinggi City in different locations, namely in theupstream, middle and downstream areas at a depth of 1 meter to 2meters from the surface of the river.Take water from the river with a plankton net (planktonnet), then the netted plankton samples will be collected in a bucketwhich is then poured into as many as 20 ml bottles, enter as muchas 20 ml concentrated H2SO4 and leave for 24 hours. Heat withlow heat until boiling, then pour into it a few drops of concentratedHN03, until the color is clear yellow. The liquid is centrifuged for15 minutes at 3000 rpm. The sediment (sediment) is washed withdistilled water and then again the sediment (sediment) is seenunder a microscope with a magnification of 100 times. Check theshape of the diatoms found, then identify.IV. RESEARCH RESULTTable 1. Distribution of Types of Diatoms in the PadangRiver at the Upstream, Middle and Downstream Stations inTebing Tinggi City.NO1234567Types ofDiatomsNavicula sp.Synedra sp.Caloneis sp.Nitzschia sp.Cymbella sp.Fragillaria sp.Cyclotella sp.StationsUpstreamMiddleDownstream - - - - www.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2020ISSN 2250-315389101112131415Asterionellasp.Frustulia sp.Surirella sp.Netrium sp.Eunotia sp.Pinnularia sp.Amphora sp.Achnanthessp.Description:-1 - - 3 - 4 - 5 6- 7- 8- 210 : Found: Not Found11Table 2. Distribution of Types of Diatoms in the BahilangRiver at the Upstream, Middle and Downstream Stations inTebing Tinggi City.NO1234567891011Types ofDiatomsNavicula sp.sSynedra sp.Rhopaldia sp.Nitzschia sp.Cymbella sp.Stauroneis sp.Downstream14 15 16 17 - - - Achnanthes sp.Gamphonemasp.Terpsinoe sp. - - -- Plagiotropis sp. - Types ofDiatoms181920Navicula sp.Synedra sp.Caloneis sp.Nitzschia sp.Cymbella sp.Fragillaria sp.Cyclotella sp.Asterionella sp.Frustulia sp.Surirella sp.Netrium sp.Eunotia sp.Pinnularia sp.Amphora sp.Achnanthes sp.Rhopaldia sp.Stauroneis sp.Gamphonemasp.Terpsinoe sp.Plagiotropis sp.Description- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : : Not Found: FoundV. DISCUSSION: : Not Found: FoundTable 3. Distribution of Types of Diatoms in the PadangRiver and Bahilang River at the Upstream, Middle andDownstream Stations in Tebing Tinggi CityNO13Middle-Description-12StationsUpstream Frustulia 22/IJSRP.10.01.2020.p9759Based on the above research conducted on the PadangRiver and Bahilang River in Tebing Tinggi City in differentlocations, namely in the upstream, middle and downstream areas,there are some different diatom species in both rivers, but severaldiatom species are found in both rivers.In a study conducted on the Padang river at the upstreamstation, 12 diatom species were found, namely: Synedra sp.Caloneis sp. Nitzschia sp. Cymbella sp. Fragillaria sp. Cyclotellasp. Asterionella sp. Frustulia sp. Surirella sp. Netrium sp. Eunotiasp., At the middle station found 10 species of diatoms, namely:Navicula sp. Synedra sp. Caloneis sp. Nitzschia sp. Cymbella sp.Fragillaria sp. Eunotia sp. Pinnularia sp. Amphora sp. Achnantheswww.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2020ISSN 2250-3153sp., and at the downstream station 12 diatom species were found,namely: : Synedra sp. Caloneis sp. Fragillaria sp. Cyclotella sp.Asterionella sp. Frustulia sp. Surirella sp. Netrium sp. Eunotia sp.Pinnularia sp. Amphora sp. Achnanthes sp. Diatom species foundin the Bahilang river at the upstream station found 8 species,namely: Navicula sp. Synedra sp. Rhopaldia sp. Nitzschia sp.Stauroneis sp. Frustulia sp. Achnanthes sp. Plagiotropis sp., Thecentral station found 6 species of diatoms, namely: Navicula sp.Synedra sp. Rhopaldia sp. Nitzschia sp. Cymbella sp.Gamphonema sp., and at the downstream station 10 diatomspecies were found, namely: Navicula sp. Synedra sp. Rhopaldiasp. Nitzschia sp. Cymbella sp. Frustulia sp. Achnanthes sp.Gamphonema sp. Terpsinoe sp. Plagiotropis sp.Diatom distribution varies depending on theenvironmental factors that influence it. The distribution thataffects diatoms horizontally include the following:a. Temperature factorWhere the temperature can affect the photosynthesis process in thewaters both directly and indirectly. Diatoms are widespread insubtropical climates.b. Water flowWaters currents, where currents largely determine the distributionof diatoms that live as planktonic.c. TurbidityThe more turbid aquatic ecosystem, the level of O2 is also reducedand the sunlight is difficult to penetrate a certain. Thus inhibitingthe process of photosynthesis and growth of the diatomsthemselves.10investigator in revealing the crime scene or where thevictim was first found, especially in the case of the victimdrowning,VII. SUGGESTION1.2.3.[2][3]VI. 020.p9759Diatom identification results in this study, have notprovided a comprehensive picture of the type of diatomsand the abundance of diatoms in the Padang River andthe Bahilang river in Tebing Tinggi City which have onlybeen carried out in a limited time span. Therefore it isnecessary to do further research in a longer time span.Diatom images in this study are less clear because it usesa mobile camera, it is hoped that subsequent studies willuse a special camera that is compatible with amicroscope.Doing the same next research on rivers in Tebing TinggiCity.REFERENCES[1][4]Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded:1. Found 15 species of diatoms in the Padang river, namely:Navicula sp. Synedra sp. Caloneis sp. Nitzschia sp.Cymbella sp. Fragillaria sp. Cyclotella sp. Asterionellasp. Frustulia sp. Surirella sp. Netrium sp. Eunotia sp.Pinnularia sp. Amphora sp. Achnanthes sp.2. Found 11 species of diatoms in the Bahilang river,namely: Navicula sp. Synedra sp. Rhopaldia sp.Nitzschia sp. Cymbella sp. Stauroneis sp. Frustulia sp.Achnanthes sp. Gamphonema sp. Terpsinoe sp.Plagiotropis sp.3. Diatom species in the Padang river that are not found inthe Bahilang river are Caloneis sp. Fragillaria sp.Cyclotella sp. Asterionella sp. Surirella sp. Netrium sp.Eunotia sp. Pinnularia sp. Amphora sp.4. Diatom species in the Bahilang river that are not found inthe Padang river are Rhopaldia sp. Stauroneis sp.Gamphonema sp. Terpsinoe sp. Plagiotropis sp.5. In the Padang and Bahilang rivers, there are somedifferent types of diatoms found in the two rivers, butthere are several types of diatoms that are found in bothrivers. This can occur because some diatoms can adaptquickly so that they can live in various environmentalconditions, while some are only able to live in certainconditions.6. There are differences in the types of diatoms found in thePadang river and the Bahilang river so that it can help 17][18]Budiyanto A, Widiatmaka W, Sudiono S, Winardi T, Mun’iin A,Sidhi, dkk.Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik. Ed I. Jakarta : Bagian Kedokteran ForensikFakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia; 1997. Hal 197-202DiMaio DJ, DiMaio VJ. Forensik Pathology. Ed II. New York; CRC PressLLC; 2001.World Health Organization [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited nce injury prevention/drowning/en/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Unintentional Drowning: Getthe Facts. CDC; 2014 [cited 2014 Dec 11]. Available from afety/waterinjuriestactsheet.htmlCantwell GP. Drowning. Verive MJ, Shoff WH, Alcock J, editors. erviewSzpilman D, Bierens JJLM, Handley AJ, Orlowski JP. Review article:Drowning. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012: 366; 2102-10Muzakki L. Transportasi Perairan Indonesia. Dinas Perhubungan Jawa Barat(interna ). May 2014 [cited 2014 May 12]. Available from;http://dishub.jabarprov.go.id/content.php?.id 399Knight, Bernard. Forensik Pathology. Oxford University Press. 1996. p 395408Gani, Husni. Diagnosa Drowning. Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta. 2002.Teddesh CG, et al. Forensic Medicine. W.B Saunder Company. London.1977.Amri A. Tenggelam. in Amri A. Eds. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik. Edisi 2.Medan. 2007.M.G Forero, et al. Analysis and Screening of Diatoms by Shape fromContour. Spanyol. 2009.Reece JB, Mitchell LG. Biologi. Terjemahan Mahameru. Jakarta. 2003.Maneul dkk. Automatic Screening and Multifocus Fusion Methods forDiatom Identification. Republik Ceko. 2009.Yeanny MS. Komunitas Fitoplankton sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas AirSungai Belawan. USU Medan. 2011.Simanjuntak M. Pengaruh Suhu, Salinitas dan Silikat Terhadap KelimpahanFitoplankton di Perairan Digul Laut Arafura, Jurnal ISSN Lingkungan HidupJakarta. 2007.Camps, E. et al. Operational Deaths and Complication (Including ThoseUnder Anaesthesia). In : Gradwohl’s Legal Medicine Third Edition, GreatBritain. 1976.Knight, Bernard. Forensic Pathology. Oxford University Press. New York.2000.www.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2020ISSN 2250-3153[19] Sancetta C. Processes Controling The Accumulation of Diatoms in Sediment.Norwich. University of East Anglia. 1989.[20] Dahlan S. Asfiksia. Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik Pedoman Bagi Dokter danPenegak Hukum. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro; 2007.Hal 47-65[21] University of Michigan. The Water Resources of Earth. University ofMichigan [internet]. April 2006 [cited 2014 May 11]. Available 2/current/lectures/freshwater supply/freshwater.html.[22] Sheperd R. Drowning and Immersion. Simpson’s Forensic Medicine, 12thed. USA: Oxford University Press Inc; 2003. p. 105-10.[23] Piette MHA, De Letter EA. Drowning: Still a Diffucult Autopsy Diagnosis.Forensic Science International. 2006; 163: p. 1-9[24] Law YY. Jayaprakash PT. Prevalence of diatom frustules in non-vegetarianfoodstuffs and it’s implications in interpreting identification of diatomfrustules in drowning case. Forensic Science International. 2007; 170: p. 1-7.[25] Lunetta P, Penttla A, Sajantala A. Drowning in Finland “External Cause“ and“injury” Codes. 2009.[26] Brinkmann B, Fechner G, Piischel K. On the Ultrastructural Pathology of theAlveolar System in Experimental Drowning. 1983. p. 47-60[27] Masaharu A. Illustration of the Japanese Fresh-Water Algae Tokyo:Unhidarokakubo. 1977.[28] Yunfang HMS. The Freshwater Biota in China Yantoi University FisheryCollege; 1995.[29] Rohn EJ, Frade PD. The Role of Diatoms in Medico Legal InvestigationsI: The History Contemporary Science and Application of the Diatom Test forDrowning. Forensic Examiner; 2006: p. 10-15.[30] Charles BH, James WM. Introduction to The Algae 2nd ed. United Stase ofAmerica: Library of Cospen Cataloging; 1985, 020.p9759380[31] Shamsudin L. Diatom Air Tawar Morfologi dan Taksonomi. Kualalumpur;1991, p.174-235[32] Srivastava N, Suseela M, Toppo K, Lawrence R. Fresh Water Algal Diversityof Central India. International Journal of Research and Development inPharmacy & Life Science [internet] 2018 [cited 06 December 2019];4:3046.Available from: http//ijrdpl.com[33] Edmondson W. Fresh Water 2nd ed Washington; University of Washington;1959, p.140-184.[34] Hii TT, Pin LC. Marine Micro-Phytoplankton of Phytoplankton of Singaporewith a Review of Harmful Microalgae in the Region National UniversitySingapore, 2016; 34(0217-2445): 78-96.[35] South GR & A Whittick. Introduction to Phycology; 1987, P. 96[36] Arifiani PA, Junitha I, Suartini N. Variasi Spesies Diatom Pada Tipe PerairanBerbeda Untuk Kepentingan Forensik Sebagai Petunjuk Kematian AkibatTenggelam. Jurnal Simbiosis III 2015,I(2337-7244):247-257.AUTHORSFirst Author – Edwin Parlindungan Lubis, Department ofForensic and Medicolegal of Faculty of Medicine UniversitasSumatera Utara, Email :[email protected] Author – Asan Petrus, Department of Forensic andMedicolegal of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sumatera UtaraThird Author – Abdul Gafar Parinduri, Department of Forensicand Medicolegal of Faculty of Medicine Universitas SumateraUtarawww.ijsrp.org
namely Sungai Padang and Sungai Bahilang . Results : . or rectangular cross-section, while the Pennales Order is longitudinal or sigmoid shaped like the letter "S". Along with the median diatom cell fatigue there is a middle lane called rafe (raphe) .17,18 Diatom classification according to their lifestyle is also .
